Pepper spray is a less lethal self-defense device that can be used to protect yourself against people or animals. When sprayed, it causes severe irritation, especially to an attacker's eyes, giving you time to get away.
That irritation comes from oleoresin capsicum (OC), an oil derived from pepper plants. OC is such a defining ingredient that some people call pepper spray "OC spray."
This guide covers the basics. For a deeper look at any topic, follow the links throughout to the full breakdown.
What's In Pepper Spray?
To make pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum is mixed with water or an oil-based solution, then pressurized inside an aerosol canister so it can be sprayed at a distance. How that OC actually affects the body comes down to its chemistry. For the full science, see how pepper spray works and MC vs. OC.
Types of Pepper Spray
Pepper spray comes in a few different formats, and range varies by brand, canister size, and type:
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Stream. The most common type. It shoots in a single, powerful stream, similar to a hose or spray paint, which makes it easy to aim accurately.
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Gel. Deploys as a thick stream rather than a mist. Range and formula strength vary by brand. Safely pepper gel matches the range and strength of Safely pepper spray. See our full pepper spray vs. pepper gel comparison to decide which fits your situation.
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Fogger. Sprays more like a perfume mist, covering a wider area with less need for precise aim, but with more risk of blowback in wind.
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Foam. Sticks on contact similar to gel. Typically shorter range than stream or gel formats.
For a closer look at how these formats compare, see our pepper spray features guide.
How Do You Use Pepper Spray?
Pepper spray is popular because it's effective and simple to use. Read our step-by-step how-to guide, and practice before you ever need it with a practice spray so it becomes second nature under pressure.
Is Pepper Spray Dangerous?
Pepper spray works by releasing an aerosolized form of OC, which causes inflammation in mucous membranes, the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Common effects include burning, temporary blindness, and coughing. Most symptoms last around 15 minutes. The National Capital Poison Center recommends anyone with serious effects such as wheezing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, or persistent eye pain seek immediate medical evaluation.
For the full list of physical effects, see what pepper spray does. If you or someone else has been sprayed, see what to do next.
Pepper spray is considered less lethal, meaning most cases don't result in death, and non-lethal, meaning it isn't designed to. Serious outcomes are very rare and typically involve an underlying condition like asthma.
Is Pepper Spray Legal?
Pepper spray is legal in every state. In most states, anyone 18 or older can purchase and carry it without a special license or permit, though some states have more specific requirements. Check your state's laws before purchasing or carrying pepper spray. See our full state-by-state legal guide for details.
Due to state laws, Safely pepper spray cannot be shipped to Hawaii, Massachusetts, or New York.
About Safely Pepper Spray
Safely pepper spray is pocket sized, has a safety lock, and contains UV dye to help mark an attacker for later identification. It's a maximum strength formula, 10% oleoresin capsicum (OC) and 1.4% capsaicinoids (MC), sprays up to 10 ft, and delivers up to 25 quick bursts per canister. Every canister is lab tested for maximum strength and has a 4 year shelf life.
Which One Is Right for You?
Not sure if spray or gel is the better fit? It depends on where and how you'll carry it:
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Runners and people who spend a lot of time outdoors: see our guide for active women
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Heading to college or living in close quarters: gel is often the better fit, see the full spray vs. gel comparison
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Want help picking your first canister: see our buying guide
Final Thoughts
Carrying pepper spray is one of the simplest ways to protect your peace of mind. Ready to get started?
